Encyclopedia of world trade: from ancient times to the present

Introduction: World Trade in History -- A-Z Entries -- A -- Abbasid Caliphate (750 / 1258) -- Advertising -- Aegean Sea -- Africa -- Agora -- Agriculture -- Aircraft -- Alexander the Great (356 / 323 B.C.E.) -- Alexandria -- Alphabet, Aramaic -- Alphabet, Cyrillic -- Alphabet, Greek -- Alphabet, Latin -- Alphabet, Phoenician -- Alsace and Lorraine -- Amazon River -- Amber -- Amber Routes -- American Federation of Labor / Congress of Industrial Organizations -- American Revolution -- Amsterdam -- Anglo-Dutch Wars -- Animals -- Appian Way -- Arabs -- Archaeology -- Argentina -- Arkwright, Richard (1732 / 1792) -- Armenians -- Art -- Association of Southeast Asian Nations -- Assyrian Empire -- Astrolabe -- Aswan High Dam -- Athens, Ancient -- Atlantic Trade -- Automobiles -- Aviation -- Aztecs -- B -- Babylonian Empire -- Balance of Trade -- Bantu Migrations -- Bardi House of Banking -- Baroque -- Barter -- Batavia (Jakarta) -- Bell, Alexander Graham (1847 / 1922) -- Berbers -- Berenice -- Bioterrorism -- Black Death -- Black Sea -- Bolshevism -- Bourgeoisie -- Boxer Rebellion -- Brazil -- Bribery -- British Commonwealth -- British East India Company -- British Empire -- British / South American Trade Relations -- Buddhism -- Bugis -- Byzantine Empire -- C -- Cacao -- Calicut -- Capitalism -- Caravans -- Caribbean -- Carnegie, Andrew (1835 / 1919) -- Carolingian Empire -- Cartels -- Cartography -- Castles -- Central Africa -- China -- Chinese Dynasties -- Chinese-Japanese Trade -- Chocolate -- Cholera -- Christianity -- Cities -- Climate -- Climate Change -- Clive, Robert (1725 / 1774) -- Coffee -- Coinage -- Cold War -- Colonization -- Columbian Exchange -- Columbus, Chrisopher (1451 / 1506) -- Combination Acts (1799, 1800) -- Comintern -- Communication -- Communism -- Comparative Advantage -- Compass -- Competition -- Computers -- Confucius (551 / 479 B.C.E.) -- Constantinople (Byzantium, Istanbul) -- Consumerism -- Containment -- Continental System -- Cook, James (1728 / 1779) --

Copper -- Copyright -- Corn -- Corn Laws -- Corporations -- Cotton -- Cotton Gin -- Council for Mutual Economic Assistance -- Cowries -- Crete -- Crimean War (1854 / 1856) -- Crop Rotation -- Cross-Staff -- Crusades -- Crystal Palace -- Cuba -- Cuneiform -- Cyprus -- D -- Danube River -- Dardanelles -- Dark Ages -- Delian League -- Department Stores -- Diamonds -- Diasporas -- Dirhams -- Disease -- Disputes and Arbitration, International -- Donkey -- Drake, Francis (1540 / 1596) -- Drugs -- Dutch -- Dyula -- E -- East Asia -- Economic Consequences of the Peace, The (1919) -- Economics, Classical -- Edison, Thomas Alva (1847 / 1931) -- Egypt -- Egypt, Ancient -- Electricity -- Elizabeth I (1533 / 1603) -- Embargoes -- Empire Building -- Energy -- Engels, Friedrich (1820 / 1895) -- England's Treasure by Foreign Trade (1664) -- Entertainment -- Etruscans -- European / African Trade -- European / Asian Trade -- European Trade, Intracontinental -- European Union -- Exchange Rates -- Exploration and Trade -- Extraterritoriality -- F -- Fairs, International Trade -- Fertilizer -- Festivals and Fairs, Medieval -- Feudalism -- Finance and Credit -- Financial Institutions -- Flax -- Florence -- Food and Diet -- Ford Motor Company -- Foreign Aid -- Frankincense and Myrrh -- Franklin, Benjamin (1706 / 1790) -- Frederick II -- Free Trade -- Freemasonry -- French Empire -- French Revolution -- Fruits -- Fugger Family -- Fur -- G -- Gandhi, Mohandas (1869 / 1948) -- Garamantian Empire -- Gemstones -- General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (1947) -- General Electric Company -- General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money, The (1936) -- Genoa -- German Empires -- Ghana -- Ghaznavids -- Glass -- Globalization -- Gold -- Gold Standard -- Goths -- Grain -- Great Depression -- Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere -- Greek City-States -- Guangzhou (Canton) -- Guano -- Gunpowder -- H -- Haiti -- Hakluyt, Richard (1552 / 1616) -- Hamburg -- Hanseatic League -- Hapsburgs -- Harbors --

Hargreaves, James (1720 / 1777) -- Heckscher, Eli Filip (1879 / 1952) -- Hellenistic Architecture -- Hemp -- Henry the Navigator (1394 / 1460) -- Hinduism -- Hittite Empire -- Hohenstauffen Empire -- Hollywood -- Hong Kong -- Hundred Years' War -- I -- Illegal Trade -- Immigration -- Imperialism -- Incas -- Indentured Servants -- Indian Ocean Trade -- Indigo -- Indus River -- Industrial Revolution -- Industrialism -- Inflation -- Insurance -- Intellectual Property -- Internal Combustion Engine -- International Monetary Fund -- International Trade Commission -- Internet -- Iron -- Iron Law of Wages -- Irrigation -- Isabella of Castile (1451 / 1504) -- Islam -- Ivory -- Ivory Coast -- J -- Jade -- Jews -- Joint-Stock Companies -- Judaism -- Jute -- K -- Keynes, John Maynard (1883 / 1946) -- Khan, Genghis (1162 / 1229) -- Khazar Empire -- Kilwa -- Kipling, Rudyard (1865 / 1936) -- Knights Templar -- Kolkata (Calcutta) -- Kush -- L -- Labor -- Laissez-Faire -- Law -- Leather -- Linear B Script -- Linen -- List, Georg Friedrich (1789 / 1846) -- Livestock -- Luddites -- M -- Madras -- Magellan, Ferdinand (1480 / 1521) -- Mali -- Malthus, Thomas Robert (1766 / 1834) -- Manchu Dynasty -- Manila -- Manila Galleons -- Market Revolution -- Marketplaces -- Marshall Plan -- Marx, Karl (1818 / 1883) -- Mayan Civilization -- Media -- Medici Family -- Medicine -- Mediterranean Sea -- Melaka -- Mercantilism -- Merchant Guilds -- Mesopotamian Architecture -- Mesopotamian Trade -- Middle Ages -- Migration, Human -- Milan -- Mill, John Stuart (1806 / 1873) -- Ming Dynasty -- Minoan Civilization -- Missionaries -- Mogadishu -- Molasses -- Money -- Mongol Invasions -- Monuments -- Mughal Empire -- Multinational Enterprise -- Mycenae -- N -- Napoleonic Wars -- Navigation -- Navigation Laws -- Netherlands -- New Imperialism -- Nile River -- Nineveh -- Nomads -- Nontarrif Barriers -- North American Free Trade Agreement (1994) -- Novgorod -- Nuts -- O -- Oases -- Oil -- Olives -- Open Door Notes --

Opium -- Ottomans -- P -- Panama Canal -- Paper and Pulp -- Patents -- Pegolotti, Francesco Balducci (1315 / 1340) -- Pepper -- Perfume -- Persian Gulf -- Peter the Great (1672 / 1725) -- Petra -- Phoenicia -- Pilgrimages -- Piracy -- Pochteca -- Polo, Marco (1254 / 1324) -- Pony Express -- Population -- Portugal -- Potatoes -- Pottery -- Printing Press -- Protestantism -- Punic Wars -- Q -- Quadrant -- R -- Radanites -- Rae, John (1796 / 1872) -- Ragusa, Republic of (Dubrovnik) -- Railroads -- Reciprocity -- Redistribution -- Reformation -- Religion -- Renaissance -- Revolutions -- Ricardo, David (1772 / 1823) -- Rice -- Roman Catholic Church -- Roman Empire -- Roman Empire, Fall of -- Rothschilds -- Royal Niger Company -- Rum -- Russian Revolution -- S -- Saharan and Trans-Saharan Trade -- Salt -- Sculpture -- Service Sector -- Seven Years' War -- Shanghai -- Ships -- Shipwrecks -- Sicily -- Silk -- Silk Road -- Silver -- Singer, Isaac (1811 / 1875) -- Slavery -- Slaves, Plantation -- Smith, Adam (1723 / 1790) -- Smoot-Hawley Tariff (1930) -- Socialism -- Songhai Empire -- South Africa -- South America -- Southeast Asia -- Soviet / African Trade Relations -- Soviet Union -- Soybeans -- Spanish Empire -- Spice Route -- Spices -- Srivijaya Empire -- Steam Engine -- Steamship -- Steel -- Suez Canal -- Sugar -- Surat -- T -- Tally Sticks -- Tariff Barriers -- Tariffs -- Tea -- Technology -- Telegraph -- Telephone -- Terrorism -- Teutonic Knights -- Textiles -- Timber/Sorochok -- Tin -- Tobacco -- Tortoiseshell -- Tourism -- Trade Organizations -- Trade Winds -- Trademarks -- Transactions Costs -- Transportation and Trade -- Triangle Trade -- Tunisia -- U -- United Nations -- United States -- U.S. / China Trade -- U.S. / Japanese Trade Relations -- V -- Venice -- Vikings -- Volga Bulgaria -- W -- War of 1812 -- Warfare -- Wars for Empire -- Water -- Wealth -- Weapons -- Weights and Measures -- West Africa -- Whales -- Whitney, Eli (1765 / 1825) -- Wine -- Women -- Wood --

Wool -- World Bank -- World Trade Organization -- World War I -- World War II -- Primary Documents -- Code of Hammurabi (18th Century B.C.E.) -- Pope Urban II Initiates the First Crusade (1095) -- Papal Edicts on Usury (1139 and 1179) -- Francesco Pegolotti's Merchant Handbook, Excerpts (1340s) -- Canon Law Concerning Usury Used to Break Contracts (1369) -- Columbus's Journal, First Voyage, Excerpts (1492) -- Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) -- Instructions on Selling Indulgences (1517) -- Colonial Charter to Sir Walter Raleigh (1584) -- British East India Company Charter (1600) -- Sir Edwin Sandys's Report from the Committee on Free Trade (1604) -- English Trade in Japan, Excerpts from a Merchant's Journal (1615) -- Dutch East India Company Charter (1621) -- Sir Thomas Culpepper's Tract Against Usury (1621) -- Sir Thomas Roe's Speech on the Decay of Trade (1641) -- On Bills of Exchange, Tract by John Marius (1655) -- Navigation Acts of 1660 and 1663, Excerpts -- Colbert on Mercantilism (1664) -- Treaty of Utrecht, Article X (1713) -- The Merchant Adventurers' Views on Free Trade (1716) -- Treaty of Paris (1763) -- Sugar Act of 1764 -- Stamp Act of 1765, Article 1 -- British Tea Act of 1773 -- The Wealth of Nations, by Adam Smith, Excerpt (1776) -- "Essay on the Principles of Population," by Thomas Malthus, Excerpt (1798) -- Louisiana Purchase (1803) -- Berlin Decree (1806) -- An Act for the Abolition of the Slave Trade, British Parliament (1807) -- Milan Decree (1807) -- Contract between the St. Louis Missouri Fur Company and Thomas James (1809) -- "Observations on the Effects of the Corn Laws," by Thomas Malthus, Excerpt (1814) -- David Ricardo on the Iron Law of Wages (1817) -- Treaty of Nanjing (1842) -- An Act for the More Effectual Suppression of the Slave Trade, British Parliament (1843) -- Friedrich Engels on Protective Tariffs or Free Trade System (1847) -- Karl Marx's Speech on Free Trade, January 9, 1848 -- Communist Manifesto, by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Excerpt (1848) --

Royal Niger Company Contract (1886)

Convention Respecting the Free Navigation of the Suez Maritime Canal (1888)

First Open Door Note (1899)

Panama Canal Treaty of 1903

Federal Reserve Act (1913)

Economic Consequences of the Peace, by John Maynard Keynes, Excerpt (1919)

Statute of Westminster (1931)

Franklin D. Roosevelt on the Smoot-Hawley Tariff (1932)

Herbert Hoover's Response to Franklin D. Roosevelt on the Smoot-Hawley Tariff (1932)

Neutrality Act of 1935

Nye Committee Report (1936)

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (1947)

Constitution of the French Community (1958)

ASEAN Declaration (1967)

Panama Canal Treaty of 1977

Ronald Reagan's "Evil Empire" Speech (1982)

Enterprise for the Americas Initiative, George H.W. Bush (1990)

Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization (1995)

Ministerial Declaration, World Trade Organization, Doha Round of Negotiations (2001)

G20 Declaration, Summit on Financial Markets and the World Economy (2008)

Copenhagen Accord, United Nations Climate Change Conference (2009)

Chronology

Glossary

Master Bibliography

Books and Articles

Web Sites.